Five Tax-Loss Harvesting Tips

​Although the markets have been up a lot this year, your investment portfolio could have a few lemons in it. Using the tax strategy of tax-loss harvesting, you may be able to turn those lemons into lemonade. Here are five tips:

1. Separate Short-Term and Long-Term

Your investments are divided into short-term and long-term buckets. Short-term investments are those you've owned a year or less, and their gains are taxed as ordinary income. Long-term investments are those you've held more than a year, and their gains are taxed at lower capital gains tax rates. A goal in tax-loss harvesting is to use losses to reduce short-term gains.

Example: By selling stock in Acme, Inc., John Smith made a $10,000 profit. John only owned Acme, Inc. for six months, so his gain will be taxed at his ordinary income tax rate of 35 percent (versus 15 percent had he owned the stock more than a year). John looks into his portfolio and decides to sell another stock for a $10,000 loss, which he can apply against his Acme, Inc. short-term gain.

​2. Follow Netting Rules

​When you’re tax-loss harvesting, use IRS netting rules on the realized gains and losses in your portfolio. Short-term losses must first offset short-term gains, while long-term losses offset long-term gains. Only after you net out each category can you use surplus losses to offset other gains. Use this information to your benefit to reduce your taxable income when selling investments.

3. ​Offset $3,000 in Ordinary Income

​In addition to reducing capital gains tax, excess losses can also be used to offset up to $3,000 of ordinary income. If you still have excess losses after reducing both capital gains and ordinary income, you can carry them forward to use in future tax years.

4. ​Beware Wash Sales

​The IRS forbids use of tax-loss harvesting if you buy a "substantially similar" asset within 30 days before or after selling it. Plan your sales and acquisitions to avoid this problem.

5. ​Consider Administrative Costs

Tax-loss harvesting comes with costs in both transaction fees and time spent. Reduce the hassle by conducting tax-loss harvesting once a year as part your annual tax-planning strategy.

Remember, you can turn an investment loss into a tax advantage, but only if you know the rules.